Health habits during lockdown for COVID-19 in Spain and its effect on weight.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: a deterioration of health habits has been found in various studies caused by stressful situations such as mandatory and maintained confinement over time. This study aims to analyze the health habits of the Spanish adult population during confinement due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and the possible impact on their body weight. METHOD: two thousand eight hundred and thirty-four volunteer subjects participated in the study (69.3 % women). They completed an on-line questionnaire that evaluated their health habits, as well as various sociodemographic variables. RESULTS: the results show a statistically significant link between the subjects' body mass index (BMI) and the change in their weight during lockdown (2: 79.303; p: < 0.001). Besides, a statisti-cally significant relationship between the different health habits under analysis was also found, being moderate with respect to the link between eating habits and physical activity (Cramer's V: .226). A statistically significant relationship was also found between the participants' weight and the different health habits during lockdown. The effect size of the associations was moderate in relation to the participants' eating habits (Cramer's V: .409) and physical activity (Cramer's V: .292). CONCLUSIONS: it is suggested the development of prevention programs for long lockdown periods associated with high levels of stress so as to promote a healthy diet, as well as exercise using new technologies and a proper rest, especially in overweight or obese subjects.

Obesity Bias in the School Setting: A Brief Report.

Obesity bias is one of the main psychosocial consequences experienced by people who are overweight and people with obesity. Therefore, its study, especially during childhood, has become an emerging objective. The aim of this study is to examine obesity bias in children in the school setting. In total, 171 primary school students (Mean age: 10.68; SD: 0.63) from a school in Madrid (Spain) filled out a survey in which they indicated whether they would choose a classmate with obesity with whom they would carry out academic, social, and leisure activities. The rejection ratios of peers with obesity and other personal characteristics such as gender, nationality, or ethnicity were compared. The results indicate that more than half of the participants would not choose a partner with obesity to carry out any of the three activities suggested, and that obesity was the personal characteristic that elicited the highest rate of rejection, especially among females. The possible explanations for these findings are discussed, as well as why the school setting should be a nonaggressive but protective environment for children with obesity.

Estudio de la prevalencia del sobrepeso y la obesidad en un centro penitenciario español / Study of the prevalence of overweight and obesity in a Spanish prison

Introducción: El sobrepeso y la obesidad constituyen un problema de salud extendido a lo largo de todo el mundo. Existen pocas investigaciones sobre su prevalencia en centros penitenciarios, por ello, este estudio tiene por objetivo determinar dicha prevalencia en una muestra de internos en un centro penitenciario español. Material y métodos: 122 internos de un centro penitenciario español participaron voluntariamente en la investigación, 99 hombres (81.1%) y 23 mujeres (18.9%), con una edad promedio de 36.2 años (DT 11.03). A todos ellos se les pesó y midió, calculando su índice de masa corporal (IMC). Resultados: El 56.6 % de los internos tienen sobrepeso u obesidad, lo cual está ligeramente por debajo de los valores de prevalencia en la población española. No se observan diferencias significativas en la prevalencia de sobrepeso u obesidad entre hombre y mujeres. Discusión: Los resultados obtenidos indican que las personas internas en centros penitenciarios tienen niveles altos de prevalencia de sobrepeso y/u obesidad, como en otras investigaciones internacionales, lo que debe incitar a realizar programas preventivos y/o de intervención (AU)

Background: Overweight and obesity are a worldwide health problem. There are few researches about the prevalence of these conditions in penitentiaries; that is why this study aims at determining prevalence in a sample of inmates at a Spanish penitentiary. Methods and materials: 122 inmates from a Spanish penitentiary volunteered for this research in which 99 were men (81.1%) and 23 were women (18.9%), and the average age was 36.2 (DT 11.03). Weight and size measures were collected, and the body mass index (BMI) was assessed. Results: 56.6 % of inmates are overweighed or obese, which is slightly below the prevalence values among the Spanish population. No significant differences can be observed in the prevalence of overweight or obesity between men and women. Debate: The results show that there are high levels of overweight and/or obesity prevalence among penitentiary inmates, matching the results from other international studies. This should encourage the implementation of prevention and/or intervention programs (AU)

[Study of the prevalence of overweight and obesity in a spanish prison]. / Estudio de la prevalencia del sobrepeso y la obesidad en un centro penitenciario español.

BACKGROUND: Overweight and obesity are a worldwide health problem. There are few researches about the prevalence of these conditions in penitentiaries; that is why this study aims at determining prevalence in a sample of inmates at a Spanish penitentiary. METHODS AND MATERIALS: 122 inmates from a Spanish penitentiary volunteered for this research in which 99 were men (81.1%) and 23 were women (18.9%), and the average age was 36.2 (DT 11.03). Weight and size measures were collected, and the body mass index (BMI) was assessed. RESULTS: 56.6 % of inmates are overweighed or obese, which is slightly below the prevalence values among the Spanish population. No significant differences can be observed in the prevalence of overweight or obesity between men and women. DEBATE: The results show that there are high levels of overweight and/or obesity prevalence among penitentiary inmates, matching the results from other international studies. This should encourage the implementation of prevention and/or intervention programs.

INTRODUCCIÓN: El sobrepeso y la obesidad constituyen un problema de salud extendido a lo largo de todo el mundo. Existen pocas investigaciones sobre su prevalencia en centros penitenciarios, por ello, este estudio tiene por objetivo determinar dicha prevalencia en una muestra de internos en un centro penitenciario español. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: 122 internos de un centro penitenciario español participaron voluntariamente en la investigación, 99 hombres (81.1%) y 23 mujeres (18.9%), con una edad promedio de 36.2 años (DT 11.03). A todos ellos se les pesó y midió, calculando su índice de masa corporal (IMC). RESULTADOS: El 56.6 % de los internos tienen sobrepeso u obesidad, lo cual está ligeramente por debajo de los valores de prevalencia en la población española. No se observan diferencias significativas en la prevalencia de sobrepeso u obesidad entre hombre y mujeres. DISCUSIÓN: Los resultados obtenidos indican que las personas internas en centros penitenciarios tienen niveles altos de prevalencia de sobrepeso y/u obesidad, como en otras investigaciones internacionales, lo que debe incitar a realizar programas preventivos y/o de intervención.

[Accuracy of body mass index derived from self-reported height and weight in a spanish sample of children]. / Precisión del índice de masa corporal, obtenido a partir de datos de peso y altura autoinformados en una muestra infantil española.

INTRODUCTION: In the children obesity research field, weighing and measuring involves high research costs, which could be reduced if the self-reported body mass index (BMI) was ascertained to be a valid index. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the accuracy of children's selfreported BMI. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 171 school students from Madrid participated in the study (Mean age: 10,68 years). They were weighed and measured, and were also asked to report their weight and height. Both current and selfreported BMI were calculated. RESULTS: The correlation between self-reported BMI and the current BMI was r = .803 (p < .001), and the kappa indexex ranged from k = .38 to .46. CONCLUSIONS: The self-reported BMI noticeably coincide with the current BMI in 10 to 11 year-old children. However, a modest concordance was found between the categorization within a weight-related group (normal, overweight and obese) based on both indexes, which shows the former could be a valid measure when carrying out population studies on obesity and overweight.

Introducción: En las investigaciones en obesidad infantil, el hecho de pesar y medir a los niños supone costes de investigación elevados, que podrían reducirse si se constatara que el índice de masa corporal autoinformado (IMCa) es válido. Objetivos: Estudiar la exactitud del IMCa en población infantil. Métodos: Participaron en el estudio 171 escolares de Madrid (Edad media: 10,68 años). Se les pesó y midió, también se les pidió que informaran de su peso y altura. Se calculó el IMC real (IMCr) y el IMCa. Resultados: La correlación entre el IMCr y el IMCa fue de r = ,803 (p < ,001), el índice kappa fluctuó entre k = ,38 y ,46. Conclusión: El IMC autoinformado en niños de 10-11 años muestra un alto nivel de correlación con el real, aunque una concordancia discreta en la categorización en peso normal, sobrepeso u obesidad. Esto podría tener aplicación en ciertos estudios poblacionales sobre sobrepeso y obesidad.

Precisión del índice de masa corporal, obtenido a partir de datos de peso y altura autoinformados en una muestra infantil española / Accuracy of body mass index derived from self-reported height and weight in a Spanish sample of children

Introducción: En las investigaciones en obesidad infantil, el hecho de pesar y medir a los niños supone costes de investigación elevados, que podrían reducirse si se constatara que el índice de masa corporal autoinformado (IMCa) es válido. Objetivos: Estudiar la exactitud del IMCa en población infantil. Métodos: Participaron en el estudio 171 escolares de Madrid (Edad media: 10,68 años). Se les pesó y midió, también se les pidió que informaran de su peso y altura. Se calculó el IMC real (IMCr) y el IMCa. Resultados: La correlación entre el IMCr y el IMCa fue de r = ,803 (p < ,001), el índice kappa fluctuó entre k = ,38 y ,46. Conclusión: El IMC autoinformado en niños de 10-11 años muestra un alto nivel de correlación con el real, aunque una concordancia discreta en la categorización en peso normal, sobrepeso u obesidad. Esto podría tener aplicación en ciertos estudios poblacionales sobre sobrepeso y obesidad (AU)

Introduction: In the children obesity research field, weighing and measuring involves high research costs, which could be reduced if the self-reported body mass index (BMI) was ascertained to be a valid index. Objective: To analyze the accuracy of children’s selfreported BMI. Materials and methods: 171 school students from Madrid participated in the study (Mean age: 10,68 years). They were weighed and measured, and were also asked to report their weight and height. Both current and selfreported BMI were calculated. Results: The correlation between self-reported BMI and the current BMI was r = .803 (p < .001), and the kappa indexex ranged from k = .38 to .46. Conclusions: The self-reported BMI noticeably coincide with the current BMI in 10 to 11 year-old children. However, a modest concordance was found between the categorization within a weight-related group (normal, overweight and obese) based on both indexes, which shows the former could be a valid measure when carrying out population studies on obesity and overweight (AU)

Did Anorexia Nervosa exist in the fourteenth century?: the case of Saint Catherine of Siena / ¿Anorexia Nerviosa en el siglo XIV?: el caso de Santa Catalina de Siena

This paper presents the analysis of a possible case of anorexia nervosa in the fourteenth century, the Saint Catherine of Siena's one. Firstly, we briefly review her biography, including some original texts in which her anorexic behaviours are supposedly evident. Subsequently, we try to outline her psychological profile. Secondly, the current available documentary sources regarding this case are critically discussed because they may have been biased as they date back to 600 years ago and some of them were written to exalt the figure of this saint. Finally, we examine whether the case of Saint Catherine could have been an anorexia nervosa case or not, or whether she might have suffered from another psychological disorder that included some eating behaviour problems. We conclude that this should not be considered a true case of anorexia nervosa, but an unspecified eating disorder instead. We also recognize the value of the historical studies which help us better understand eating disorders.

En el presente artículo se presenta un análisis sobre un posible caso de anorexia nerviosa en el siglo XIV, el de Santa Catalina de Siena. Primero se realiza un breve repaso por su biografía, incluyendo algunos textos originales donde se manifiestan conductas supuestamente anoréxicas para, posteriormente, realizar un esbozo de su perfil psicológico. En segundo lugar se comentan críticamente las fuentes documentales disponibles en la actualidad respecto a dicho caso, dado que se intuye que pueden estar sesgadas, pues datan de hace 600 años y algunos de ellos se escribieron para ensalzar la figura de la santa. En el último apartado se valora si realmente el de Santa Catalina pudiera ser un caso de anorexia nerviosa u otro tipo de patología psicológica, que tuviera como síntomas algunas alteraciones en el campo del comportamiento alimentario. Se concluye considerando que quizá no se tratara de un verdadero caso de anorexia nerviosa, pero sí de algún tipo de trastorno del comportamiento alimentario no especificado, y reconociendo el valor que poseen los estudios históricos para entender mejor los trastornos del comportamiento alimentario actual.